Theoretical Grammar Definition and Examples

Theoretical grammar is concerned with language in general rather than with an individual language, as is the study of essential components of any human language.  Transformational grammar  is one variety of theoretical grammar.   According to Antoinette Renouf and Andrew Kehoe: Theoretical grammar or syntax is concerned with making completely explicit the formalisms of grammar, and in providing scientific arguments or explanations in favour of one account of grammar rather than another, in terms of a general theory of human language. (Antoinette Renouf and Andrew Kehoe, The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics.  Rodopi, 2003) Traditional Grammar vs. Theoretical Grammar What generative linguists mean by grammar should not be confused, in the first instance, with what ordinary persons or nonlinguists might refer to by that term: namely, a traditional or pedagogical grammar such as the kind used to teach language to children in grammar school. A pedagogical grammar typically provides paradigms of regular constructions, lists of prominent exceptions to these constructions (irregular verbs, etc.), and descriptive commentary at various levels of detail and generality about the form and meaning of expressions in a language (Chomsky 1986a: 6). By contrast, a theoretical grammar, in Chomskys framework, is a scientific theory: it seeks to provide a complete theoretical characterization of the speaker-hearers knowledge of her language, where this knowledge is interpreted to refer to a particular set of mental states and structures. The difference between a theoretical grammar and a pedagogical grammar is one important distinction to bear in mind in order to avoid confusion about how the term grammar operates in theoretical linguistics. A second, more fundamental distinction is between a theoretical grammar and a mental grammar. (John Mikhail, Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment.  Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011)​ Descriptive Grammar vs. Theoretical Grammar A descriptive grammar (or reference grammar) catalogues the facts of a language, whereas a theoretical grammar uses some theory about the nature of language to explain why the language contains certain forms and not others. (Paul Baker, Andrew Hardie, and Tony McEnery, A Glossary of Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh Univ. Press, 2006)​ Descriptive and Theoretical Linguistics The purpose of descriptive and theoretical linguistics is to further our understanding of language. This is done through a continual process of testing theoretical assumptions against data, and analyzing data in the light of those assumptions which previous analyses have confirmed to such a degree that they form a more or less integral whole that is accepted as the currently preferred theory. Between them, the mutually dependent fields of descriptive and theoretical linguistics provide accounts and explanations of how things seem to be in language, and a terminology for use in discussions. (O. Classe, Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English. Taylor Francis, 2000) It seems that in modern theoretical grammar the differences between morphological and syntactic constructions are beginning to show up, for example in the fact that, in the European languages at least, syntactic constructions tend to be right-branching while morphological constructions tend to be left-branching. (Pieter A. M. Seuren, Western Linguistics: An Historical Introduction. Blackwell, 1998) Also Known As: theoretical linguistics, speculative grammar

Past Paper - 1602 Words

Past Paper Questions Theme 1- The Indigenous Peoples and the Europeans 1. Read the passage below, and answer the questions that follow. The Taino (Arawak) and Kalinago (Caribs) were similar in many ways, but different in others. For example, their technology was quite similar, but their political organization was to some extent different. Their technology was not as advanced as that of the Maya. a) Explain why Mayan technology is considered more advanced than the technology of the Arawaks and Caribs. (4 marks) b) Outline the ways in which the technology of Taino and Kalinago were similar. (9 marks) c) Describe FOUR ways in which the political organization of the Arawaks was different to the political organization of the Caribs. (12†¦show more content†¦Agriculture was an important occupation in spite of the many difficulties that the farmers faced. West Africans also had other occupations. a) State FOUR occupations, other than farming, of West African men and women in the early 1400s. ( 4 marks) b) Explain why farming was an important occupation in West Africa in the early 1400s? (9 marks) c) What difficulties did farmers in West Africa face in the early 1400s? (12 marks) Total 25 marks 10. Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow Africans who were brought to the Caribbean lost much of their culture during the period of slavery. Nevertheless, many African religious practices and beliefs survived until 1838. a. Identify TWO African religious practices or beliefs the survived in the Caribbean up to 1838. (5 marks) b. Why did Africans who were brought to the Caribbean lose much of their culture during the period of slavery? (10 marks) c. Explain why some aspects of African culture survived in the Caribbean up to1838. (10 marks) Total 25 Marks 11. Imagine you are an Englishman living in Liverpool in the 1700s. You are having a conversation with your son about the slave trading voyages which you organize to West Africa and the Caribbean. Answer the following questions which he asks you. a. What steps do you take in England before the beginning of a slave trading voyage? (6 marks) b. In what ways do some Africans statesShow MoreRelatedpast paper1497 Words   |  6 PagesIssues in Finance Date : 1 August 2010 Time Allowed : 2 hours Answer THREE questions – At least ONE question from each section. Standard calculators (non-programmable) may be used. Tables are attached. Do not open or turn over this exam paper, or start to write anything until told to by the Invigilator. Starting to write before permitted to do so may be seen as an attempt to use Unfair Means. 26143 1 SECTION A Answer at least ONE question from this section Question 1 YouRead MoreMktg308 Past Paper1019 Words   |  5 PagesThis question paper must be returned.Candidates are not permitted to removeany part of it from the examination room. | | TUTORIAL GROUPDAY:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦ TIME:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.FAMILY NAME:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.OTHER NAMES: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦STUDENT NUMBER: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | CLASS TEST 2 - ANSWERS 2012 Semester 1 Unit: MKTG308 – Customer Relationship Management Day, Date and Time: Week 7 Tutorial Groups Time Allowed: 20 minutes Total Number of Questions: Ten (10) MultipleRead MoreScly1 Past Papers7036 Words   |  29 PagesSCLY1 (Old Specification) Past Exam Questions Although June 2016 will be a new specification and exam structure much of the material you have learnt in families and households applies to the new exam. Below are examples of questions taken from the old exam papers that you should practice writing plans for as they are still relevant. However there are a few key differences: * The question you will answer will be worth 20 marks not 24 marks. * You will have 30 minutes to write a 20 mark answerRead MorePast Paper of F34624 Words   |  19 PagesFundamentals Pilot Paper – Knowledge module Financial Accounting (International) Time allowed: 2 hours ALL FIFTY questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted. Do NOT open this paper until instructed by the supervisor. This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants Paper F3 (INT) ALL 50 questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted Please use the Candidate Registration Sheet provided to indicate your chosen answer toRead MorePast Year Paper2250 Words   |  9 PagesCONFIDENTIAL BM/SEP 2011/ENT300/ETR300 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE COURSE CODE EXAMINATION TIME FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENT300/ETR300 SEPTEMBER 2011 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of four (4) parts : PART A (20 Questions) PART B (20 Questions) PART C (5 Questions) PART D (2 Questions) 2. Answer ALL questions from PART A, B, four (4) questions from PART C, and one (1) question from PART D. i) ii) iii) Answer PART A in the True/FalseRead MoreHkcee Past Paper2010 Words   |  9 PageshkÃ¥  ªÃ©â„¢ Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¥ ¸ «Ã¥ Æ'éâ€" ± FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY é ¦â„¢Ã¦ ¸ ¯Ã¨â‚¬Æ'è © ¦Ã¥ Å Ã¨ ©â€¢Ã¦   ¸Ã¥ ±â‚¬ HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AND ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY é ¦â„¢Ã¦ ¸ ¯Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ­ ¸Ã¦â€"‡æ†‘è€Æ'è © ¦ HONG KONG DIPLOMA OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION ç · ´Ã§ ¿â€™Ã¥  · PRACTICE PAPER æ• ¸Ã¥ ­ ¸ MATHEMATICS Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã¤ ¿ ®Ã©Æ' ¨Ã¥Ë†â€  COMPULSORY PART è © ¦Ã¥  ·Ã¤ ¸â‚¬ PAPER 1 è ©â€¢Ã¥  ·Ã¥ Æ'è€Æ'ï ¼Ë†Ã¦Å¡ «Ã¥ ®Å¡Ã§ ¨ ¿Ã¯ ¼â€° PROVISIONAL MARKING SCHEME This marking scheme has been prepared by the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority for teachers’ reference. Teachers should remind their students NOT to regard this marking scheme as a set of model answers. Our examinations emphasiseRead MorePast, Present, and Future Paper1619 Words   |  7 PagesPast Present and Future Paper This is a three-part paper in which I will reflect on my personal and professional growth during my program of study at the University of Phoenix. Part one will reflect upon were I was in my personal and professional life when I started the University of Phoenix program. Part two will evaluate the growth my experienced during my University of Phoenix program of study. Part three will analyze the impact of completing the University of Phoenix bachelors program on myRead MorePast, Present, Future Paper1100 Words   |  5 PagesPast, Present, and Future Paper When I was a child, I knew that I wanted to be a nurse just like my mom. I started preparing myself by majoring in science, math, and typing in high school. I knew that these classes would one day prepare me for college. When I enter college at the University of Memphis after high school, I take all the prerequisites needed for the nursing program. Later, I entered nursing school at Baptist School of Nursing and I was well on my way to becoming a nurse. When I gotRead MorePast, Present Future Paper2143 Words   |  9 Pagesthis program. I began my studies at the University of Phoenix in December 1997. The ability to learn in a classroom lecture setting and to apply knowledge toward group based projects has been an invaluable part of the schools curriculum. This paper, being written near the completion of the management majors core curriculum, will discuss and evaluate my personal experience with the University by comparing key areas of my knowledge and skills base at three different periods. The first portionRead MoreFrench Ab Past Paper1475 Words   |  6 Pagesï  ¨ IB DIPLOMA PROGRAMME PROGRAMME DU DIPLÔME DU BI PROGRAMA DEL DIPLOMA DEL BI M07/2/ANFRE/SP1/FRE/TZ0/XX/Q+ 22072804 FRENCH AB INITIO – STANDARD LEVEL – PAPER 1 FRANà §AiS AB INITIO – NiVEAU MoyEN – à ©PREUVE 1 FRANCà ©S AB INITIO – NiVEL MEDio – PRUEBA 1 Wednesday 23 May 2007 (morning) Mercredi 23 mai 2007 (matin) Mià ©rcoles 23 de mayo de 2007 (maà ±ana) 1 h 30 m 0 Candidate session number Numà ©ro de session du candidat Nà ºmero de convocatoria del alumno 0 QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOKLET – INSTRUCTIONS

What Do People Routinely Use Them For - 1407 Words

Social Networking Sites (SNSs) are relatively new phenomena quickly and becoming a dominant part of our lives. In fact as of September 2014, Facebook alone boasted 864 million daily active users, if that metric is changed to monthly active users, it becomes 1.35 billion (Facebook, 2014. This is clearly not a passing trend that is used only by a small subset of individuals; it is a ubiquitous part of the daily lives of most citizens. In this paper I explore the usage of and behavior of the overall public and gang members in particular on SNSs and argue that, when used ethically and appropriately, law enforcement and the communities they serve can benefit greatly from this technology. Just what are SNSs and what do people routinely use them†¦show more content†¦Use of SNSs by the General Public in the United States As a whole, teens and young adults in the United States use the internet and SNSs very commonly and frequently. A study by the Pew Research Center found that 93% of teens ages 12-17 use the internet and of those 73% use SNS. The rate of young adults ages 18-29 using the internet and SNSs is nearly identical to that of teens (Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, Zickuhr, 2010). SNSs are frequently used to make and maintain relationships with others in the individual’s social circle. Boyd and Ellison (2007) found that although users can and do make connections with others that would not have been made without the SNS, they primarily use this technology to communicate with people who are already part of their social circles, this is supported by findings on teen SNS use by the Pew Research Center (Madden, et al., 2013). Users also utilize their SNSs to engage in image or impression management, teens in particular â€Å"are cognizant of their online reputations, and take steps to curate the content and appearance of their social media presence.† (Madden et al., 2013 p. 8). Use of SNSs by Gang Members The literature on gang member behavior online is sparse. Decker and Pyrooz (2012) discuss this issue in more detail, though overall: The research that does exist is largely descriptive, built on small convenience samples, and speculates broadly about how gang members use the Internet. In

Building and Construction Materials

Question: Discuss about the Building and Construction Materials. Answer: Introduction: Poor indoor air quality is a problem which affects most constructions that are over 20 years. In this case, the building has been experiencing indoor air quality problems and has been complained about by past tenants. But the problem with poor indoor air quality can be solved and for a potential tenant, there are multiple ways to check the indoor air quality and prevent it from affecting the lives of the tenants and the commercial workers. There is a need for improved screening and improvement within the indoor air quality in many buildings which are over twenty years old. Building Performance principles For creating a sustainable and high-quality building it is necessary that the people involved understand their requirements and try their best to provide optimal services. There should be a good amount of thought given for creating a state of energy efficiency which makes the building consume less energy such as creating different and sustainable and alternative means to provide energy(Aksamija, 2013). Then there is a need to verify and create new measurements that go with the local rules and regulations of building construction. Measuring and improving the correctness of the measurements allows people to understand and implement the renovation work easily in later life. It is also important to measure the quality of indoor environment which will directly affect the inhabitant and workers(Bertoldi, 2011). There is a need to check the Thermal systems and the ventilation which improve the comfort of the individuals. There should also be checking for the humidifiers, moisture controller s and ducts and pipes which supply air within the building(Institute, 2015). Then there is a need to improve the day lighting and also improve the low-emitting materials which impact the health of the individuals residing within. It is important t consider the source of the materials being used, its quality and the results when it might start to decompose or get soiled. It is important to note that a buildings life is dependent on the products used for the building so it is needed to create a good quality structure and the subsystems should be also a good quality to support the long life of the inhabitants. The use of proper air systems is also a necessity, lack of air and the overexposure to dust or poisonous materials can impact the health in the long run so it is important for the people moving into the commercial space to properly check tee air quality and then take the decision(Woodner, 2009) Test mechanisms Building security is needed to improve the quality of the building and its sturdiness. There is a need for evaluating a systems security and is important to know the complexity of the building. As the building ages, there are multiple reasons for the vulnerabilities of the buildings to rise. There is a need to the research and development there is a need for the rules and regulations to being fulfilled properly by the building company(Kim, 2015). In most countries, there are stringent rules and basal values which need to be followed while a building is constructed or even renovated. There is a need to follow those rules which govern the good building methods and systems(Zhang, 2016). There is a need to test whether each building has a good and safe building plan which will not endanger the lives of the inhabitants. The people residing must e made aware of the products being used for the construction and for the renovations if necessary. There should be tests done to understand the bu ildings quality and also to test the type of products that are being used inside the building. It could be the fabrication used for the same or it may be the kind or wallpapers and floorings used(Wang, 2016). Most indoor air shafts and air ducts need to be checked whether there is a need to clean them. These air ducts and shafts can be the breeding ground for many unhealthy germicides which can impact the health of the individuals residing inside. So it is important to test the CO2 and CO levels within the residence, also check a number of toxic gasses and remittances from the insides of the buildings. There is also a need to provide the need to check the quality of air in the exterior of the building. There is a close resemblance of the air that travels within the building with the air thats available outside since the same air is filtered or sometimes sent unfiltered into the building and this causes health issues(Gambhir, 2014). With the presence of pollen, harmful materials, dus t, co2, CO and other harmful gasses, there is a need for fresh air that needs to be properly filtered for the use within the building. And the new inhabitants need to test the same; it can be improved with more stringent filtration systems, improved air circulation. It is also required that the ducts and vents are cleaned and tread so that the air travelling inside is free of any pollutants(Robertson, 2008). Built system and sub-system The built system is the main core of the building which holds the building in its glory and provides support to the construction. It is thus important that the built system employed by the builder is of good quality. For new tenants, it is important to check with the old records to understand the quality of the built system on which the whole building is residing. The built system is usually customizable and is dependent upon the type of building is being created. This makes it important for the company employing the services that choose good building services and also use the high quality and government-approved systems. There should be this use of good manufacturing equipment which creates innovation and balance and flexibility(Mele, 2005). There is a need for tough and flexible manufacturing base and equipment. The subsystem of a building is consisting of the lighting within, the amount of energy consumption and the products used within the floors to ensure that the air conditioni ng is done optimally. The water supply, as well as the drainage systems within the building, should be checked to ensure that they are good. It is also that the heating of the air within the building evenly distributed evenly to ensure that all the systems work in a good way and are not caring problems of indoor air quality or are not affecting the indoor air quality in any way(Pels, 2016). There is also a need to check whether the floors are protected from the fire and other hazards and are protected from the regular everyday usage. There is a need to find out how secure a building is before you also check the consistency of the gas and electrical supply(Bonnema, 2016). The indoor air quality depends on of a lot of items, which include the habits of people living in the enclosed space. For example, people who smoke or cook can cause different particles to be present within the space. Also, there could be the use of other materials which emit other particles and substances within th e war and cause a significant change in the quality of air. The buildings exterior environment also impacts the quality of air present. If the external air shafts are present in front of dusty and smelly areas the air coming into the building would be full of dust, harmful particles and more which can impact the quality of life within the building and cause serious health issues(Hitchens, 2004). Performance measurement methods There is a need for a good performance measurement system for a commercial building and its various air qualities within the building. There is a need to measure that the buildings that are concerned with building age making the commercial spaces a bit less favourable for renting. There is a need to have performance measurement systems that develop the right tools and give the right figures that measure the right methods to ensure great performance. Some commercial buildings advertise to be green buildings made with low energy and offer better performances but there is little evidence that these are really following the feels and are adhering to the guideline properly. So instead of just seeing the tags, a new person moving into a commercial space should measure the right facts and figures to understand the quality of life within the building(Kim, 2015). There should be enough space within the building to ensure good flow of air, the internal air system s would be free of suss and po llen which is harmful for many people. Since allergic reactions can be caused from pollen it is important to ensure that the air filtering systems are able to block them. There is also a need to measure whether the heating and thermostat systems control the air flow and air quality within the building in the right way. There is definitely a lack of proper tools to measure these, other than measuring amount of harmful emit ants found in these areas. The temperature distribution within tee rooms and areas should also be checked for consistency to ensure good comfort for people living or Woking within the areas. Some areas in old buildings can be colder or hotter than the rest of the building which can make it hard for people working in the different temperature zones to function properly. The basal temperature suggested by the health authority should be followed for ensuring theta the workers in a stagnant office feel pleasurable and are free from the affects of the external environme nt(Robertson, 2008). Materials used in building To sum it up, the term Materials signifies all the items being used for the creation and formation of the building. These materials are used for both the interior creation as well as the exterior creation of the certain building. Today builders work with a number of materials to fulfil the needs of the builder. The need for the builder is to use materials that help keep the building safe from the external environmental extreme conditions, shield from rain and wind as well as keep supporting the structure. The internal structure is also dependent on the looks or finishes the builder wants to achieve, the health and safety of the persons depend on the type of materials used. The type of insulation, sealants etc affect the indoor air quality as well. How well the external walls and other materials hold up to the needs of the internal environment(Mele, 2005). There is a need for using the right materials which create the best indoor environment and ensure that the indoor air quality is o f good quality and does not create a problem for the inhabitants. Usually air ducts, shafts and a centralised airflow system is used nine most commercial buildings with thermostats to control the temperature within the building but there are sometimes problems in the thermostats while it has been used for years. There is a need for using proper systems for the same and use the needed measures to ensure that these dusts and shafts are free from microbes, algaes, pollen and other serious materials that can cause health issues(Gambhir, 2014). Conclusion There is a need for proper testing and measuring methods to make the new tenants of the commercial space. Good indoor air quality is necessary to provide good nourishment to the inhabitants so the new inhabitants should know how to measure the quality of indoor aim and use proper methods clan and improve the quality of indoor air which might pose serious health concerns over the years. Damp, air polluted with pollen and other serious unhealthy particles create serious health problems that can affect the life of the workers or resects but there is a need for the new inhabitants to properly check and then move into the building. References Aksamija, A., 2013. Building Simulations And High-Performance Buildings Research:Use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Integrated Design and Analysis. research journal, 5(1), pp. 1-9. Bertoldi, P., 2011. Principles for nearly Zero-Energy Buildings, s.l.: Buildings Performance Institute Europe. Bonnema, ,. M., 2016. Systems Design and Engineering: Facilitating Multidisciplinary Development Projects. CRC Press ed. s.l.:CRC Press. Gambhir, 2014. Building and Construction Materials. s.l.:McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt Ltd. Hitchens, M., 2004. Fast Track Projects: Managing Factory Automation Projects. s.l.:Max Hitchens. Institute, B. P., 2015. Building Science Principles Reference Guide: Second Edition - Spanish ICC. s.l.:Building Performance Institute. Kim, H., 2015. Internal-curing efficiency of cold-bonded coal bottom ash aggregate for high-strength mortar. Journal of Building Management, 6(6), pp. 55-66. Mele, C., 2005. A Brief Review of Systems Theories and Their Managerial A Brief Review of Systems Theories and Their Managerial, s.l.: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences . Pels, J., 2016. Systems Theories , s.l.: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences . Robertson, L. E., 2008. Tall Building Criteria and Loading. s.l.:ASCE Publications. Wang, T., 2016. The Open Construction and Building. The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 88(7), pp. 66-90. Woodner, A., 2009. High Performance Building Guidelines. illustrated ed. s.l.:DIANE Publishing. Zhang, L., 2016. Parametric Analysis on Collapse-resistance Performance. The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 10(1), pp. 466-480.